世图--国富论 节选

《国富论(精)》是一部彻底改变了劳动与财富观念的书。在促成我们现代生活方式的诸多因素中，《国富论》可媲美任何一本重要的现代典籍。《国富论》与《圣经》《资本论》同为人类不朽的智慧宝典。从国富的基础——劳动，到促进劳动生产力提高的手段——分工，再到因分工而出现的交换，以及交换的媒介——货币，再到商品的价格，以及构成价格的基本成分——工资、地租和利润。《国富论》总结了近代各国资本主义的发展经验，批判地吸纳了它之前的重要经济理论，对国民经济的运行过程作了系统的整体描述，是现代经济学的集大成之作。本书为英文版。

世图--国富论 目录

INTRODUCTION AND PLAN OF THE WORKBOOK IOf the Causes of Improvement in the Productive Powers of Labour, and of theOrder According to Which its Produce is Naturally Distributed among theDifferent Ranks of the PeopleCHAPTER IOF THE DIVISION OF LABOURCHAPTER IIOF THE PRINCIPLE WHICH GIVES OCCASION TO THE DIVISION OFLABOURCHAPTER IIITHAT THE DIVISION OF LABOUR IS LIMITED BY THE EXTENT OF THEMARKETCHAPTER IVOF THE ORIGIN AND USE OF MONEYCHAPTER VOF THE REAL AND NOMINAL PRICE OF COMMODITIES, OR OF THEIRPRICE IN LABOUR, AND THEIR PRICE IN MONEYCHAPTER VIOF THE COMPONENT PART OF THE PRICE OF COMMODITIESCHAPTER VIIOF THE NATURAL AND MARKET PRICE OF COMMODITIESCHAPTER VIIIOF THE WAGES OF LABOURCHAPTER IXOF THE PROFITS OF STOCKCHAPTER XOF WAGES AND PROFIT IN THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OFLABOUR AND STOCKPART I. Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments themselves..PART II. Inequalities occasioned by the Policy of EuropeCHAPTER XIOF THE RENT OF LANDPART I.Of the Produce of Land which always affords RentPART II. Of the Produce of Land, which sometimes does, and sometimes does notafford RentPART III. Ofthe variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of thatsort of Produce which always affords Rent, and of that which sometimes does,and sometimes does not, afford RentDigression concerning the Variations in the value of Silver during the Course ofthe Four last Centuries. First PeriodSecond PeriodThird PeriodVariations in the Proportion between the respective Values of Gold and SilverGrounds of the suspicion that the Value of Silver still continues to decreaseDifferent Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon three different sorts of rudeProduceFirst SortSecond sortThird SortConclusion of the Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of SilverEffects of the Progress of Improvement upon the real Price of ManufacturesConclusion of the ChapterBOOK IIOf the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of StockINTRODUCTIONCHAPTER IOF THE DIVISION OF STOCKCHAPTER IIOF MONEY, CONSIDERED AS A PARTICULAR BRANCH OF THEGENERAL STOCK OF THE SOCIETY, OR OF THE EXPENSE OFMAINTAINING THE NATIONAL CAPITALCHAPTER IIIOF THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL, OR OF PRODUCTIVE ANDUNPRODUCTIVE LABOURCHAPTER IVOF STOCK LENT AT INTERESTCHAPTER VOF THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF CAPITALSBOOK IIIOf the different Progress of Opulence in different NationsCHAPTER IOF THE NATURAL PROGRESS OF OPULENCECHAPTER IIOF THE DISCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ANCIENT STATEOF EUROPE, AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRECHAPTER IIIOF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF CITIES AND TOWNS, AFTER THE FALLOF THE ROMAN EMPIRECHAPTER IVHOW THE COMMERCE OF TOWNS CONTRIBUTED TO THEIMPROVEMENT OF THE COUNTRYBOOK IVOf Systems of political EconomyINTRODUCTIONCHAPTER IOF THE PRINCIPLE OF THE COMMERCIAL OR MERCANTILE SYSTEMCHAPTER IIOF RESTRAINTS UPON IMPORTATION FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES OFSUCH GOODS AS CAN BE PRODUCED AT HOMECHAPTER IIIOF THE EXTRAORDINARY RESTRAINTS UPON THE IMPORTATION OFGOODS OF ALMOST ALL KINDS, FROM THOSE COUNTRIES WITHWHICH THE BALANCE IS SUPPOSED TO BE DISADVANTAGEOUSPart I Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints, even upon the Principles of theCommercial SystemDigression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that ofAmsterdamPART II. Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints, upon otherPrinciplesCHAPTER IVOF DRAWBACKSCHAPTER VOF BOUNTIESCHAPTER VIOF TREATIES OF COMMERCECHAPTER VIIOF COLONIESPART I.Of the Motives for establishing new ColoniesPART II. Causes of the Prosperity of new ColoniesPART III. Of the Advantages which Europe has derived from the Discovery ofAmerica, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope.CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSION OF THE MERCANTILE SYSTEMCHAPTER IXOF THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, OR OF THOSE SYSTEMS OFPOLITICAL ECONOMY WHICH REPRESENT THE PRODUCE OF LAND,AS EITHER THE SOLE OR THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF THE REVENUEAND WEALTH OF EVERY COUNTRYBOOK VOf the Revenue of the Sovereign or Common

世图--国富论 相关资料

As it is the nominal or money price of goods, therefore, which finally determinesthe prudence or imprudence of all purchases and sales, and thereby regulates almostthe whole business of common life in which price is concerned, we cannot wonderthat it should have been so much more attended to than the real price.In such a work as this, however, it may sometimes be of use to compare thedifferent real values of a particular commodity at different times and places, or thedifferent degrees of power over the labour of other people which it may, upondifferent occasions, have given to those who possessed it. We must in this casecompare, not so much the different quantities of silver for which it was commonlysold, as the different quantities or labour which those different quantities of silvercould have purchased. But the current prices of labour, at distant times and places,can scarce ever be known with any degree of exactness. Those of corn, though theyhave in few places been regularly recorded, are in general better known, and havebeen more frequently taken notice of by historians and other writers. We mustgenerally, therefore, content ourselves with them, not as being always exactly in thesame proportion as the current prices of labour, but as being the nearestapproximation which can commonly be had to that proportion. I shall hereafter haveoccasion to make several comparisons of this kind.In the progress of industry, commercial nations have found it convenient to coinseveral different metals into money; gold for larger payments, silver for purchases ofmoderate value, and copper, or some other coarse metal, for those of still smallerconsideration, They have always, however, considered one of those metals as morepeculiarly the measure of value than any of the other two; and this preference seemsgenerally to have been given to the metal which they happen first to make use of asthe instrument of commerce. Having once begun to use it as their standard, whichthey must have do